Microsoft liquifies dogs

Are you missing those green fingered skills!! Then do not worry! Graham at Tidy Gardens will have your garden looking at its best in no time.

With years of experience from total garden redesign and clearance to just general pruning and weeding, Graham offers it all. Even if you want to sit back all year, Graham can offer an all year maintenance contract to suit. For more information contact Graham. With a natural look, it is petfriendly, children-proof and a good look all year round. Let us give you a free no obligation quote and you can choose from our extensive range of artificial grass samples.

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For some people the effects of copper heelers are almost immediate but to err on the safe side, you should allow 2 - 3 weeks for the effects to be truly tangible. Read through the Testimonials the company has received from arthritis sufferers on our website and one thing is very clear - this drug-free cure for arthritis works and for many people it changes their lives forever.

Designed and developed by top orthopaedic technicians. Ultra-thin - fits in any shoe 2. We are a small family run business dealing with removals and storage within Spain for the last 15 years. Our main business, is transporting customers personal and household items from the UK to Spain, vice versa and other destinations ,if required. We pride ourselves on being attentive and helping the customer and we also supply packing materials, such as packing boxes, bubble wrap and tape, at very reasonable rates.

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For replacement covers or cushions why not bring along the old ones for us to replicate, or bring basic measurements. Mel of Simply Removals has been based in Playa Flamenca Spain for over 5 years and has been providing a local and international removal services for many clients during this time. Mel will also transport Pets and will provide full care and attention to their every need. For more details contact Mel. We are a legally registered family business providing guaranteed quality workmanship here on the Costa Blanca.

Telephone us for a competitive quote. James Mangold will be reprising his directing duties after his successful tenure on The Wolverine, telling a story set in the future where mutants are all but extinct, and Logan and Charles Xavier Patrick Stewart live in hiding. Hitting the open road on a journey of nostalgia, the new series follows James as he retraces the memorable TV trip his food hero Keith Floyd once took 30 years ago, while also visiting the places that carved his culinary beginnings.

The Moorside Episode: 2 of 2 Tuesday 14 February 9. A little gold necklace for your nails, a luxurious gift to your deserving hands. Start with a layer of clear varnish, then very carefully line your cuticles with a dense glitter polish. This should be easy. If you have trouble, try a smaller brush. If you still have trouble, try a glitter pen, or dip a toothpick into your bottle, and dot it on with the tip.

More than , people in the UK have a faulty gene that puts them at risk of heart disease and sudden death from heart attacks or cardiac arrests, and most of them are unaware of the risk, a charity has warned. But the true figure could be even higher because of under-diagnosis and the presence of other, as yet unknown, faulty genes, it said.

About 12 people aged 35 or under die every week from heart conditions with no apparent explanation, mostly due to these inherited conditions. BHF says most people affected remain undiagnosed and unaware of the risks to their health, and the possibility they could pass on such conditions to their children. Last April, the former England and Nottinghamshire batsman James Taylor was forced to retire at the age of just 26 after scans revealed he had ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy , an inherited condition caused by a change or mutation in one or more genes.

Baskut Tuncak, who was appointed by the UN human rights. Most air quality zones in. The ritual of double cleansing has become standard for many beauty enthusiasts, who take the view that a single cleanse is akin to. Hirons, a fellow cleansing zealot, has been smart to tap into this one sound idea rather than to launch a comprehensive range, and has piggybacked on a popular existing if.

Double Cleanse is as good as each, perhaps even better. While many. Step two — velvety and elegant — is a pleasure. Neither stings nor tingles, even when smeared carelessly over eyes. An appealing gimmick, certainly, but inherently flawed. As someone who hates the inevitability of running down conditioner before its matching shampoo, I predict frustration. For advice or to book a consultation call or or visit www. Undoubtedly he loves her, this is never in question being her main carer but to a point of over -protectiveness stifling her natural energy.

His relationship with his son James is frosty. Arthur is bad-tempered, the antithesis of his wife, Marion played by the renowned actress Vanessa Redgrave, held in such high-esteem by the American playwright Tennessee Williams as the greatest actress of our time.

The OAPz are precisely that-seniors wanting to sing and have fun. What an endearing sight. Explicit lyrics extolling the excitement of sex and game for a laugh Timothy who overdoes the jive and has to be taken in an ambulance to hospital to recover! And what about wheelchair bound Marion? After her performance everyone present congratulates her on her wonderful rendition apart from the most important person in her life. Arthur slinks off for a smoke wanting to avoid the limelight, feeling dejected.

It is Elizabeth who chastises him. Rightly so. She put everything she had into singing that song. Hello and welcome to CanDu Computer Bytes. You can contact me for an appointment at my workshop or I can come to you, by calling or by Email: canducomputing hotmail. The permissions are set to prevent users—and programs without the appropriate permissions— from tampering with the files inside and interfering with important system functions. So, What is if for?

In the, very likely, event that Windows messes up and you have to return to a previous time and date,. So, Can I Delete the Folder? On exFAT or FAT32formatted drives, you can choose to delete the folder—but Windows will just recreate it in the future, since it needs it.

Windows stores important system data here, and you should leave the folder alone. If the System Volume Information folder is using a lot of space, reduce the space allocated to System Restore in Windows. If seeing the folder bothers you, just set Windows to hide hidden files and folders. Everything that goes in my articles is my personal opinion.

How good an opinion? Oil is a child of the fossil fuel age and prices will trend upwards. Solar is a child of the electronics age and prices will trend downwards. Fully Legal Auto Consumo solar power systems — connected to your mains electricity. Victron Energy Official Installers.

We can assess your individual We cover the Almeria, Murcia and Granada requirements and install a system Regions with full with generator back up to meet technical support and all your electricity demands. With back up. Our engineers and installers are fully consultation and site survey. English and Spanish speaking or engineers. For further information or advice on computing,contact Trevor on or canducomputing hotmail. But how many of us, I wonder, realise that this is in fact no new phenomenon, but one that has repeatedly manifested itself through various phases of religious intolerance over hundreds, if not thousands of years.

So, at the recent tenth anniversary Service at Aljambra, which coincided with the commemoration of the conversion of St Paul, we remembered that even the worst of terrorists is not without hope. Small wonder the Bible tells of his questioning if God really appreciated the danger Saul posed. Yet reassured,. Ananias obeyed, and through his incredible bravery in meeting and welcoming him, Saul became St Paul, the greatest of all Christian missionaries.

Quite a challenge, I think for all of us these days. For none are actually worse than Saul of Tarsus. None that are beyond the love of Christ.

So the question for me is whether I could be as forgiving and as ready to trust God as Ananias was. For he, utterly unknown apart from this one incident, must be one of the greatest exponents ever of Christian love. Details of a number of English Language Churches are given in Sol Noticeboard for any who wish to Worship, but further information about the Anglican Church and details of forthcoming events may be seen on the web site www.

While the brunette beauty has taken a break from TV screens, she is enjoying a bevy of holidays in her career interim - with her Tenerife break just one of many. Sir Bradley launches acting career Sir Bradley Wiggins shunned the controversy surrounding his stint on the Channel 4 show, as he revealed his hope to launch an acting career after he was approached for a role in EastEnders. The year-old Olympian cyclist spoke to Daily Star about his next career move, as he divulged that his future could lie in television.

Bradley bravely decided to compete on The Jump on Sunday, despite suffering a leg injury just one day before. I got asked to be in EastEnders. One of the more contentious aspects of the bill is that it intends to force landlords who own ten or more empty properties to offer them for long-term rental, to help ease the housing shortage on the islands.

The Insular Council of Ibiza is demanding it be reduced to five. The answer is no. The aim of the bill is to go against banks, who have large numbers of repossessed properties Most expat or local holders are not large holders of property, and if there are any, in all likelihood they will have them as an investment and hence rented out In two years we will have elections, and in all. The Tourism bill does have implications for foreign owners of property in the Balearics, but just like the Housing bill, the final text is not yet known, and if and when it does become law, it could be repealed in a few years time.

Design and Construction of new properties; House reforms; Buying and selling housing, Plots and commercial premises; Long and short term rentals; Maintenance of gardens and pools. Get your favourite pineapple from the local market or supermarket. Cut off the crown from the top of the fruit and set aside. Eat the rest of the fruit as you normally would. Allow the bottom of the crown to dry out for a day or two.

Plant in sandy well-drained soil in a sunny location. Water weekly in the beginning. Pineapples, like most bromeliads, prefer water in their vase-like tops, but do not need much water when established. They can get by on very little. Once the young plant is established, pour a cupful of well-balanced diluted water soluble liquid fertilizer into the top of the plant monthly.

Pineapples take up a lot of their nutrition through their leaves, and the first few months after planting they rely only on their leaves.

Ind Estate. Teaching Children About Wildlife Teach children respect for all living things, to look after their planet and to encourage nature to do its own work. Show them how the wildlife in their own gardens live and breed. Show them how predators keep down instances of pests without any need for chemicals.

Teach them about hibernation, feeding habits, if they are nocturnal etc. Teach them to observe but not to interfere, once the wildlife is in your garden they should be left to go about their lives. Problems with snails and slugs can be sorted out without the use of organic pellets, traps and salt.

Get your children to crush eggshells around the base of their plants, or lay down some abrasive material that they will not like to crawl over. Keeping chickens is a great way of keeping down slug populations and also a great way of teaching your children the responsibility of looking after an animal in the garden.

Make a list of needs and wants. Do your kids need a play space? Do you want to grow vegetables? Would your family gather on a patio? Study the sun and wind patterns. You might want to place a patio on the west side of the house, but it will get lots of afternoon sun, which means.

Your design should take into account what the sun and wind do at different times of the day and year. Live with it for a while. Part of creating a landscape is slowly developing a plan and enjoying the process. From your master plan, start with a small flowerbed.

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Coming observance of Valentine Week is celebrated from 7th February to 14th of February to honoured affection, love, friendship, or all sweet relations on earth.

Valentine Week Schedule, Images, Messages, Sayings and Quotes, just start forwarding these wishes and wallpapers and make your celebration interesting and remembered one. This is very special occasion for those youngsters who propose their boyfriend, girlfriend.

Propose Day is second day of Valentine Week or celebrated on 8th of February after rose day on 7th. Here you can check out for lovely Propose Day Appointment not always necessary. For all your styling needs conatct. Restored old millhouse made up of two detached properties.

Features many original features, swimming pool, 6 bedrooms in total, 4 bathrooms. Fantastic views across the countryside. Tranquil setting close to rambla. Must be viewed to appreciate the character and setting. Traditonal detached cortijo in a small hamlet of homes close to Arboleas Features 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms , m2 plot with the option to buy additional land.

Parts of the house are habitable but requires renovation mainly cosmetic not structural and mainly the upper half of the property Must be viewed to appreciate the character and setting Highly sought after area as close to Arboleas.

Traditional refurbished cortijo with many original features retained, finished and maintained to a high standard. The house is set in the heart of the village and just a short drive to the many amenities of Oria To the front of the property there is a parking space and to the side a large courtyard, also to the front is approx m2 of very fertile land.

In addition the home features 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, outside balcony with stunning views across the countryside. Traditional cortijo requiring some modernisation Features 3 bedrooms, 2 kitchens ,3 bathrooms inclusive of a fully self contained annexe , ideal for guests or lodger.

Gardens to the back of the property with stunning views across the valley In prime location in Arboleas as in small hamlet of homes yet close to all amenities including local bar and restaurant. Modern detached bungalow in prime location in Cucador , easily maintained ideal rental property close to many amenities.

Nice views across the valley. Must be viewed to appreciate the setting and locale. Available long term and not suitable for dogs. Upper floor of cortijo with many original features. Large space includes self conatined kitchen, seperate badroom, bathroom and open plan living area.

Shared entrance and garden with owner. Not suitable for pets. Fully furnished and long term rental.. Open the valve on your gas cylinder just enough to release a small but steady flow of gas. Facing the torch away from your body, click the igniter or light the gas with a sparker. The flame should turn on and blow at a constant rate without sputtering. Use the valve to adjust the flame a gap between the flame and the tip.

You can create different flame sizes by turning the torch valve. Opening or turning the valve counterclockwise will create a larger flame, while closing or turning the valve clockwise will give you a small flame. Turn off the torch by closing the gas valve completely. When you want to turn off your torch, close it at the source of the fuel first the valve of the gas tank.

Once the gas valve is completely closed, your torch flame will reduce. Open the valve all the way on the torch to burn off any remaining gas in the tube system. Once the flame is out, the torch will then be safe to dismantle. Dismantle your torch immediately after you have finished using it. Dismantle and store your torch equipment in a cool, well-ventilated area.

After the torch has been turned off at the source, open the two valves on the gas regulator and disconnect the regulator from the cylinder. Replace the cylinder cap tightly. Unscrew all other connections on the torch system. Store your cylinder upright in a cool, protected space with good ventilation. Store gas cylinders away from anything combustible.

Keep oxygen and gas cylinders separated, and separate full cylinders from empty ones. Method 2. Choose a butane torch for smaller indoor projects requiring low heat. Micro torches can be set up easily as they simply require the torch and a compatible fuel canister to fill it.

Butane does not burn at temperatures hot enough for metal-cutting, hard soldering, or welding. Because of its low toxicity, a butane torch can be used and stored safely indoors with proper ventilation. Opt for propane for soldering pipes and general DIY projects. Propane is the most common fuel for household blowtorches, as it is versatile and burns hotter than butane.

Typically, a handheld propane blowtorch is the right tool for soldering copper pipes and removing or adding sealant, as well as various other DIY projects.

Propane is also cheap and can be purchased in tanks. Propane torches can also come in handheld varieties. Use MAPP gas or acetylene for projects that require high temperatures. MAPP gas, or the combination of liquefied petroleum and methylacetylene-propadine, is the gas to use when you need a hot but precise flame, as it burns at a higher temperature than propane and butane.

Acetylene can also be used for high-temperature projects such as cutting and welding but is less popular due to its explosive nature and dirty emissions. You may need a certification to use MAPP gas due to its high temperature.

Acetylene is used with a gas tank and a separate oxygen tank. Cut metal with a high-heat MAPP gas blowtorch. Cutting metal with a blowtorch requires very high heat and is best done outdoors or in a workshop with good ventilation. To reach the correct temperature, you will need to use MAPP gas. Use a welding mask and beware of liquid metal, which can splatter and burn your skin. Move the torch flame steadily across the metal, and it should cut easily and quickly under the right heat.

Strip paint with a propane blowtorch. You can use heat to strip paint by melting it off a surface. Hold the flame over the paint until it starts to bubble and melt, then scrape it off the surface with a paint scraper.

This is especially important with wood. It may contain lead and will create toxic fumes when burned. Light charcoal and wood chip grills with a propane blowtorch. Let them burn for a few minutes after you remove the flame, and then close the lid to help even the temperature throughout the grill. Remove weeds with a propane blowtorch.

There are specialized propane torches that are mobile and can be used while standing for this exact purpose. You can rent these specialized blowtorches, but you may need to be certified to operate one. Repair driveway cracks evenly with a propane or butane blowtorch. Clean the crack by removing any buildup, weeds use a blowtorch to remove these, too!

Use a joint filler that is designed to be heated with a torch, and apply it liberally into the crack. Heat the filler with the torch at a low heat setting, sweeping evenly over the crack until the filler solidifies. Method 3. Use a butane or propane torch designed for the kitchen. Cooking with a blowtorch has become popular, and there are many blowtorches available that are designed for kitchen use. Most of them are handheld and use butane because it burns cleanly, so you will be less likely to emit gases onto your food.

Ventilate the area and keep a fire extinguisher handy. Even though kitchen torches are small and can be used indoors, they still require safe practices. Open windows to create a ventilated area and remove anything flammable from your station.

Use a cast iron skillet or metal tray placed on the stovetop and keep your fire extinguisher nearby in case of fire. The wood or plastic materials can melt or catch on fire! Turn on the blowtorch facing away from the food and adjust the flame. Aiming a blowtorch at anything before you ignite it can be dangerous, and lighting a blowtorch onto food is a recipe for disaster. You can avoid this by turning the fuel on until you hear a hissing sound, lighting the ignition, and adjusting the flame until it is blue.

Use a sweeping motion to scorch the food. Slowly and carefully sweep the blue flame across the food without holding it in place for too long. The important thing to remember is that the torch alone may not cook your food all the way, and lingering over one area for too long can burn it. Some recipes, such as torching steak, will require a slower sweep. Others, such as toasting marshmallows, require very brief contact with the heat.

Use broad strokes over the entire surface. You may not need to use the sweeping motion if you are blistering vegetables or removing pepper skins. By taking up water, phospholipids lose their lipophilic character and become lipophobic and thus precipitate from oil. The conversion of non-hydratable phospholipids to hydratable is done usually through acidulation followed by neutralisation.

Traditionally, acids that are being used are usually sufficiently strong to hydrate phospholipids without hydrolyzing the triglycerides. At present, citric or phosphoric acid is normally being used for any type of vegetable oil. The main component of phospholipids is phosphatides.

Figure 2. Phospholipids are present in relatively small quantities of about 5 — ppm in palm oil as compared with other vegetables oils. Phospholipids have been reported to show antioxidant affects.

Their antioxidant-synergistic effects can be attributed to the sequestering of soluble pro-oxidant metal ions to form inactive species. Hydratable insoluble metal ions could also dispersed by phospholipids through miscella action.

Since phospholipids and glycolipids cause reverse micelle, vesicle or emulsion droplet formation, phospholipids can remove metal [13] ions and their hydrophilic salts from the lipid phase to reduce oxidation. A food grade phosphoric acid is normally used shea butter refining process. It a colourless and odourless liquid.

At room temperature, phosphoric acid is a crystalline material with a specific gravity of 1. The solid melts at Phosphoric acid is usually stored and sold as a solution. Phosphoric acid is made by treating calcium phosphate rock with sulphuric acid, followed by filtration of the resultant liquid to remove calcium sulphate. It can be prepared also by burning phosphorus vapour and treating the resulting oxide with steam [16]. The term bleaching refers to the treatment that is given to remove colour producing substances and to further purify the fat or oil.

The usual method of bleaching is by adsorption of the colour producing substances on an adsorbent material. There a lot of adsorbent materials are being used in vegetable oil industry for examples; acid activated bleaching earth, natural bleaching earth, activated carbon and synthetic silicates.

This substance consists primarily of hydrated aluminium silicate. Usually, bleaching earth does not remove all the colour producing materials, much of which are actually removed by thermal destruction during the deodorization process. Activated carbon is also used as a bleaching adsorbent to a limited extent. However this will leaves the pigment molecules in the oil and may have adverse effect on oil quality.

These components are very difficult to remove. But such oxidation invariably affects the glycerides and destroys natural antioxidants. Consequently, it is never used for edible oil but restricted to oils for technical purposes, such as soap-making. Under certain conditions, there is an appreciable enhancement in the concentration of a particular component and the overall effect is then dependent on the extent of the interfacial area.

For this reason, all industrial adsorbents have large specific surface areas generally well in excess of m2g-1 and are therefore highly porous or composed of very fine particles. It is of great importance in the technological context. Some adsorbents are used on a large scale as desiccants, catalysts or catalyst supports; others are used for the separation of gases, the purification of liquids such as oils , pollution control or for respiratory protection.

Adsorption is the common method usually used for bleaching the edible oil by using bleaching agents. Examples of bleaching agents are bleaching earths, activated carbon and silica gel. Bleaching agents normally posses a large surface that has a more or less specific affinity for pigment-type molecules, thus removing them from oil without damaging the oil itself. This process refers to the art of removing not only the colour pigments but also dirt, trace metals and various organic impurities that promote oxidation.

Another term that can be used to describe bleaching process is purification process of vegetable oils. The channels by which molecules reach this surface must be negotiable by the molecules concerned.

The nature of the process must allow acceptably firm bonds, chemical or physical, between it and the adsorbate. Therefore, in order have maximum attainment of bleaching performance, an efficient bleaching earth is produced which having surfaces of the correct chemical composition and pore distribution selectively attractive to the detrimental components present in crude triglyceride oils.

Mathematically, bleaching or purification process follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. For the cases involving liquids, the concentration is often expressed in mass units such as part per million ppm. The concentration of adsorbate on the solid is given as mass adsorbed per unit mass of original adsorbent [13, 18].

In addition to that, some particles or pigments that promote deterioration to oil quality is also being removed during bleaching process mainly due to their pro-oxidative properties that promotes oxidation. During bleaching or purification, the oil is brought into contact with a surface—active adsorbent, and then the undesired particles or other components are selectively retained on the pore surface and triglycerides escapes.

Gradually, the concentration of undesired particles on the available surface-active of the adsorbent and the concentration remaining in the oil come into balance, so further exchange is negligible. In order to have efficient use of adsorbent, any material like gum or soap should be removed at earlier stage degumming as the presence of these particles will compete for room on the adsorbent surface. That explains why an effective degumming process is required in refining process of vegetable oils.

Theoretically, coloured particles or substances that should be removed during bleaching are present in the oil either in dissolved or in a colloidal form. For both types, the process reaction happens at the surface of bleaching agent. Bleaching earths are normally used in the bleaching of vegetable oils and in the refining of mineral oils.

While some of these earths are naturally bleaching, some have to be treated with mineral acids. This activation results in the replacement of some of the aluminium ions by hydrogen ions from the acid.

These further results in the creation of net negative charges on the clay lattice structure and create the cation adsorption properties of the acid-activated bleaching earths clays. Acid activated bleaching earths Figure 2. The structural features of the clay are modified by treatment with acid.

During this process the physical structure and chemical composition are altered in a controlled way to maximize specific properties [13]. Bleaching earth works based on its character of adsorption and ion exchange.

This material is also used for bleaching. They are excellent metal adsorbents as they are able: i. The bleaching action seems to be due to the large adsorbent surface of carbon.

This large surface held in a small volume, would influence the surface tension of the compounds with which will comes into contact, thus causing adsorption. There are a large number of commercial grades of activated carbon that are used for adsorbing gases and vapours, odours and colouring materials.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents. Their adsorptive properties are due to their high surface area, a micro porous structure, and a high degree of surface reactivity. They are, used, therefore, to purify, decolorize, deodorize, dechlorinate, separate, and concentrate in order to permit recovery and to filter, remove, or modify the harmful constituents from gases and liquid solutions.

Activated carbon adsorption from liquid phase has found wide applications in several areas of food production and processing industries. The activated carbons remove undesirable odours, colours, and unwanted components of the solution, and improve the quality and edibility of the food material.

The use of active carbons in food processing is continuously on the increase because the food processing and production industries in which the use of active carbon is well established are always expanding. Furthermore, the use of activated carbons is also being [39] explored and expanding to areas of the food processes, where it was not previously used. Although synthetic silicates has a moderate capacity for pigment removal, small amounts of it are used in combination with bleaching clay and due to their synergic action the amount of bleaching clays needed to optimize the bleaching processes is reduced.

In the past, the quality of refined oils was evaluated by standard quality parameters such as a low residual FFA content, a high oxidative stability, a light colour and a neutral odour and taste.

Today, high quality food oils must have a low level of trans fatty acids, a high amount of natural antioxidants, low levels of polymeric and oxidized triglycerides and virtually no contaminants pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. At the same time, maximum reduction or valorisation of side-streams such as deodorizer distillate becomes more important to improve the overall profitability of the refining process.

As usually the last stage in the refining process, deodorization has an important effect on the overall refined oil quality and distillate composition. The last decade, increased attention has therefore been paid to the optimization of the deodorizing process conditions and the development of improved deodorizing technology [21].

Deodorization involves the stripping of FFA, volatile odiferous components, valuable minor components tocopherols, sterols,etc. It also involves the removal of odour and taste which is the actual deodorization of the oil. One of the most important determining factors in deodorization distillation is the volatility of components. Generally, heavier components are less volatile than lighter components. Consequently, FFA is more volatile than tocopherols while tocopherols are more volatile than sterols.

The major goal in most deodorization operations is to set conditions such that a lot of FFA is removed while more of tocopherols are retained in the oil. Distillation will occur only if the total partial pressures in the oil are greater than the applied system pressure. Thus, a stripping agent is necessary to strip components such as FFA from the oil.

The stripping agent has to have a low molecular weight. Examples of stripping agents include: steam and nitrogen but steam is mostly used. A relationship which can be used to ascertain the amount of steam required for a deodorization operation is the Bailey equation which is given as: ……………………………………….

There has to optimum control between undesired effects such as: the formation of trans fatty acids, polymerization dimers ,etc, and undesired effects such as substantial retainment of [22] tocopherols, sterols and complete stripping of contaminants including FFA.

New dry condensing vacuum systems capable of reaching a very low operating pressure in the deodorizer 1. This innovation allows a reduction of the deodorization temperature without affecting the stripping efficiency in a negative way. Unwanted thermal degradation e. Deodorizers operate at different temperatures to reach the best compromise between required residence time for deodorizing at low temperature and heat bleaching and final stripping at high temperature for a short period.

Packed column sections can be introduced as efficient strippers for heat sensitive oils e. This step is very important for the quality of the final product and has a major impact on the economic feasibility of the whole process.

Several techniques, alternative to the conventional caustic or steam distillation methods, are suggested in the literature, such as supercritical extraction, membrane technology and solvent extraction. The removal of free fatty acids deacidification is the most difficult step of the oil purification process, mainly because it has the maximum economic impact on oil production. However, for oils with high acidity, chemical refining causes high losses of neutral oil due to saponification and emulsification.

The physical method is also a feasible process for deacidification of highly acidic oils, since it results in a loss of neutral oil that is lower than the chemical method, but more energy is consumed. Moreover, in some cases, the refined oil is subject to undesirable alterations in colour and to a reduction of stability to oxidation. There addition of the caustic soda to the oil brings about a neutralization reaction between the free fatty acids FFA in the oil and the caustic soda to form soap stock and water.

Furthermore, the oil goes through centrifugation so as to separate the soap stock from the oil and the oil also goes through washing with soft, hot water with the aid of centrifuge before it is dried to remove moisture from the oil.

This method involves heating the oil under high temperature between — oC and high vacuum to remove the free fatty acids FFA from the oil and later condense it with the aid of a scrubber. Many works suggesting the use of membranes for deacidification of vegetable oils, with and without solvents, by using porous or nonporous membranes, have been found in the literature.

In fact, membrane process can be accomplished at room temperature, with low-energy consumption and without addition of chemicals, providing retention of nutrients and other desirable components.

In contrast, studies have shown some limitations of this method, because of the small difference between triacylglycerols and FFA molecular weights that makes the separation process difficult, and because of the non-availability of membranes with high selectivity. An appropriate solvent used in this process is usually ethanol. This process has been receiving attention due to its advantages in comparison to the physical and chemical refining.

As this process is normally carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, less energy is consumed and the oil is submitted to softer treatments.

The use of solvent extraction for deacidification of vegetable oils was first proposed by Bollmann [44]. In this patent the author suggests the use of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, acetone or acetic ester diluted or not with water. The suggested process consists in contacting oil and solvent in successive stages. After each stage, the oil phase is separated from the solvent before flowing to the next stage. In every successive stage, the oil repeatedly encounters pure solvent, so that the process suggested by Bollmann [44] can be characterized as a crosscurrent one.

Besides, the liquid-liquid extraction has the advantages of avoiding the formation of waste products and reducing the loss of neutral oil. Furthermore, solvent stripping from deacidified oil and solvent recovery from extract stream can be easily carried out, because of the high difference between the boiling points of the solvent, fatty acids and triacylglycerols.

In fact, these operations can be accomplished by evaporation or distillation at relatively low temperatures, in most cases being lower than 80oC. In spite of the advantages, the miscella refining requires high initial investments with explosion- proof equipments that limit the application of this deacidification method [3]. Micro organism system selectively assimilates free fatty acids FFA for its own growth. The disadvantage of this method is that linoleic acid and short-chain fatty acids carbon number less than 12 are not utilized by the micro organism and sometimes these fatty acids even inhibit their growth.

Studies about enzymatic deacidification have also gained importance over the years; such process involves the unique ability of some microbial lipases to esterify FFA into triacylglycerols.

Studies about chemical reesterification of FFA at high temperatures have been developed since the 19th Century, but in a work published almost twenty years ago, its combination with the conventional alkali neutralization was also suggested. Although it provides a high oil yield, this chemical reaction brings the disadvantage of being random, in contrast with the enzymatic method.

Such process presents high selectivity, minimum oil losses and can be accomplished at low temperatures. On the other hand, SCFE is an expensive process, and its use is only justified for deacidifying special oils and fats with high initial acidity, in which the quality and purity of the extracted components are of great importance. Shea butter crude : The crude shea butter was obtained from an open market in Oro, Kwara state. Distilled water. Acid activated bleaching earth.

Conical flask. Thistle funnel. Filter paper. KA Centrifuge. Porous bits broken glass. Weighing Balance. Petri dish. Round-Bottomed Flask. Reflux condenser. Specific Gravity Bottle at 20oC. Heating Mantle. Plastic spoon.

NYC Electric Oven. Scer Scientific Programmable refractometer. Then about 0. The intermediate product was then centrifuged with the aid of a centrifuge to allow for proper separation of the soap stock from the oil. This was done to mitigate the possibility of an explosion occurring when the two liquids are mixed together and heated.

Furthermore, the mixture was centrifuged for further removal of the soap stock formed.